Below are supplemental abstracts and references of research that support the conclusions on the treatment for Dysmenorrhea

. Diet and Nutrition References


Complex Carbohydrates

Balch JF, et al. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 2nd ed. Avery Publishing; NY, NY; 1997:444.


Saturated Fat

Barnard ND, et al. "Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms." Obstet Gynecol. February,2000;95(2):245-250.

Marz RB. Medical Nutrition from Marz, 2nd ed. Omni Press; Portland, OR; 1997:430.


Vitamin and Mineral References


Vitamin B-Complex

Gokhale LB. "Curative treatment of primary (spasmodic) dysmenorrhoea." Indian J Med Res. April,1996;103:227-231.

Biskind MS, et al. "Nutritional deficiency in the etiology of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, cystic mastitis and premenstrual tension. II. Further observations on treatment with the vitamin B complex." Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1944;78(1):49-57.

Biskind MS. "Nutritional deficiency in the etiology of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, cystic mastitis and premenstrual tension; treatment with vitamin B complex." J Clin Endocrinol. 1943;3:227-234.

Biskind MS, Biskind GR. "Effect of vitamin B complex deficiency on inactivation of estrone in the liver." Endocrinol. July-December,1942;31:109-114.


Vitamin B3 and Vitamin C

Hudgins AP. "Vitamins P, C and niacin for dysmenorrhea therapy." West J Surg Gynecol. 1954;62:610-11.


Vitamin B6

Abraham GE. "Primary dysmenorrhea." Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1978;21:139-45.


Vitamin E

Ziaei S, et al. "A randomised placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin E in treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea." Br J Obstet Gynaecol. November,2001;108:1181-1183.

Kryzhanovskii GN, et al. "A-tocopherol-induced activation of the endogenous opioid system." Bul Exper Biol Med. November,1989;108(11):566-567.

Kryzhanovskii GN, et al. "Endogenous opiod system in the realization of the analgesic effect of alpha-tocopherol." Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1988;105(2):148-50.

Butler EB, McKnight E. "Vitamin E in the treatment of dysmenorrhea." Lancet. 1955;1:844-47.


Magnesium

Fontana-Klaiber H, et al. "Therapeutic effects of magnesium in dysmenorrhea." Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1990;79:491-494.

Seifert B, et al. "Magnesium-a new therapeutic alternative in primary dysmenorrhea." Zent Bl Gynakol. 1989;111(11);755-60.


Supplement References


Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids

Deutch B, et al. "Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules)." Nutr Res. 2000;20(5):621-631.

Harel Z, et al. "Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents." Am J Obstet Gynecol. April,1996;174(4):1335-8.

Rees MC. "Human menstruation and eicosanoids." Reprod Fertil Dev. 1990;2(5):467-76.

Abraham GE. "Primary dysmenorrhea." Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1978;21(1):139-45.


Ovary Glandular

Stein J. "Objective demonstration of the organ-specific effectiveness of cellular preparations." In: Schmid F, ed; Cell Research and Cellular Therapy. Ott Publishers; Thoune (Switzerland); 1967:294-301.

Neumann KH. "The influence of tissue injections on experimental liver damage." In:Schmid F, ed; Cell Research and Cellular Therapy. Ott Publishers; Thoune (Switzerland); 1967:368-79.

Stein J. "Specific effect on implanted endocrine tissues." In:Schmid F, ed; Cell Research and Cellular Therapy. Ott Publishers; Thoune (Switzerland); 1967:340-67.


Bromelain

Felton G. "Does kinin released by pineapple stem bromelain stimulate production of prostaglandin E1-like compounds?" Hawaii Med J. 1977;36:39-47.

Simmons CA. "The relief in spasmodic dysmenorrhea by bromelain." Lancet. 1958;2:827.

Hunter RG, et al. "The action of papain bromelain on the uterus." Am J Ob Gyn. 1957;73:867-80.


Quercetin

Hudgins AP. "Vitamins P, C, and niacin for dysmenorrhea therapy." West J SWurg. 1954;62:610-11.


Botanical References


Viburnum opulus

Calle J, et al. "Antinociceptive and uterine relaxant activities of Viburnum toronis alive (Caprifoliaceae)." Ethnopharmacol. 1999;Jul;66(1):71-3.

Nicholson JA, et al. "Viopudial, a hypotensive and smooth muscle antispasmodic from Viburnum opulus." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1972;Jun;140(2):457-61.

Jarboe CH, et al. "Uterine relaxant properties of Viburnum." Nature. 1966;Nov 19;212(64):837.


Caulophylum thalictroides, Chamaelirium luteum, Mitchella repens

Mitchell WA. Plant Medicine. Preparatory Manuscript; Seattle, WA; 2000.

Tilgner S. Herbal Medicine-From the Heart of the Earth. Wise Acres Press, Inc.; Creswell, OR; 1999.

Wong AHC, et al. "Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice." Arch Gen Psychiatry. November,1998;55:1033-1044.

Ogletree RL, Rischer RG. Physician's and Pharmacist's Guide to the Top 10 Scientifically Proven Natural Products. Natural Source Digest; 2nd Ed. Brandon, MS; 1997.

Chevallier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. DK Publishing; New York, NY; 1996.

Murray MT. The Healing Power of Herbs. 2nd Ed. Prima Publishing; Rocklin, CA; 1995.

Ellingwood F. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy; Botanical Vol. II. Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1994.

Felter HW. The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Botanical Vol. 1. Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1994.

Hudson T. Gynecology and Naturopathic Medicine, 3rd ed. TK Publishing; Aloha, OR; 1994:12-2.

Scalzo R. Naturopathic Handbook of Herbal Formulas. 3rd Ed. Kivaki Press; Durango, CO; 1994.

Ody P. The Complete Medicinal Herbal. Dorling Kindersley; New York, NY; 1993.

Stansbury JE. Botanical Medicines Acting on the Respiratory System. Preparatory Manuscript; Battleground, WA; 1992.

Stansbury JE. Pharmacognosy for the Herbal Practitioner. Preparatory Manuscript; Battleground, WA; 1992.

Thomas L. 10 Essential Herbs. Hohm Press; Prescott, AZ; 1992.

Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield Publishers LTD; Beaconsfield, England; 1991.

Hoffman D. The New Holistic Herbal. Element Inc; Rockport, MA; 1991.

Mabey R, et al. The New Age Herbalist. Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company; New York, NY; 1988. England;1988.

Tyler VE, et al. Pharmacognosy. 9th Ed. Lea & Febiger; Philadelphia, PA; 1988.

Wren RC. Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. The C.W. Daniel Company Limited; Essex; 1988

Carr A, et al. Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Rodale Press; Emmaus, PA; 1987.

Hsu H-Y. "Application of chinese herbal formulas and scientific research: tang-kuei and peony formula." Oriental Healing Arts Intl Bull. March,1986;11(2):87-96.

Mowrey DB. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. Keats Publishing, Inc.; New Canaan, CT; 1986.

Beyer P. The Master Book of Herbalism. Phoenix Publishing; Custer, WA; 1984.

Goodenough J. Dr. Goodenough's Home Cures & Herbal Remedies. Avenel Books; New York, NY; 1982.

Millspaugh CF. American Medicinal Plants. Dover Publications, Inc.; New York, NY; 1974.

Grieve M. A Modern Herbal. Vol. I & II; Dover Publications, Inc.; New York, NY; 1971.


Homeopathy References


Morrison R.Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms.Hahnemann Clinic Publishing; Albany, CA; 1993.

Murphy R.Homeopathic Medical Repertory.Hahnemann Academy of North America; Pagosa Springs, CO; 1993.

Phatak SR. A Concise Repertory of Homoeopathic Medicines. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; New Delhi, India; 1992.

Kruzel T. The Homeopathic Emergency Guide.North Atlantic Books; Berkeley, CA; 1992.

Kent JT. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.B. Jain Publishers (P) LTD; New Delhi, India; 1991.

Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory, 9th Ed..Boericke & Tafel, Inc.; Santa Rosa, CA; 1927.


Other Treatment References


Smoking and Stress

Parazzini F, et al. "Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of primary dysmenorrhea." Epidemiol. July,1994;5(4):469-472.

Jarrett M, et al. "Symptoms and self-care strategies in women with and withoutdysmenorrhea." Health Care Women Int. March-April,1995;16(2):167-178.

Metheny WP. "The relationship among exercise, stress, and primary dysmenorrhea." Smith RP. J Behav Med. 1989;12(6):569- 586.

Teperi J, Rimpela M. "Menstrual pain, health and behaviour in girls." Soc Sci Med. 1989;29(2):163-169.


Acupuncture

Tsenov D. "The effect of acupuncture in dysmenorrhea." Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 1996;35(3):24-5.

Maric R. "Use of acupuncture in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea." Jugosl Ginekol Opstet. 1984;Sep-Dec;24(5-6):104-6.

Bondi N, Albo R. "Dysmenorrhea. Acupuncture treatment of 40 cases coming to our attention." Clinical note. Minerva Med. 1981;Sep 15;72(33):2227-30.

Steinberger A. "The treatment of dysmenorrhea by acupuncture." Am J Chin Med. 1981;Spring;9(1):57-60.


Spinal Manipulation

Ernst E, Harkness E. "Spinal manipulation: a systematic review of sham-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials." J Pain Symp Manage. October,2001;22(4):879-889.

Kokjohn K, et al. "The effect of spinal manipulation on pain and prostaglandin levels in women with primary dysmenorrhea." J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;Jun;15(5):279-85.

Liebl NA, Butler LM. "A chiropractic approach to the treatment of dysmenorrhea." J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;Feb;13(2):101-6.


Aroma Therapy

Han SH, et al. "Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial." J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(6):535-41.

Copyright 1998 - 2008 by L. Vicky Crouse, ND and James S. Reiley, ND. All rights reserved (ISSN 1527-0661).