Below are supplemental abstracts and references of research that support the conclusions on the treatment for Ulcerative Colitis

. Diet and Nutrition References


Sugar

Miki K, et al. "The sugar permeability test reflects disease activity in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease." J Pediatr. December,1998;133(6):750-754.

Penny WJ, et al. "Relationship between trace elements, sugar consumption, and taste in Crohn's disease." Gut. 1983;24:288-292.

Reif S, et al. "Pre-illness dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease." Gut. 1997;40:754-760.

Tragnone A, et al. "Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. January,1995;7(1):47-51.

Persson P-G, et al. "Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study." Epidemiol. January,1992;3(1):47-52.

"Fast food and sugar linked to Crohn's disease." Med Trib. February27,1992;12.

Jarnerot G, et al. "Consumption of refined sugar by patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or irritable bowel syndrome." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983;18:999-1002.


Elimination Diet

Edman JS, et al. "Nutritional therapies for ulcerative colitis: literature review, chart review study and future research." Altern Ther Health Med. January,2000;6(1):55-63.

Borok G, Segal I. "Inflammatory bowel disease: individualized dietary therapy." S African Fam Prac. June,1995;16:393-399.

Candyis S, et al. "The value of an elimination diet in the management of patients with ulcerative colitis." S African Med J. 1995;85(11):1176-1179.

Hodgson HJF. "Inflammatory bowel disease and food intolerance." J R Coll Physicians Lond. January,1986;20(1):45-48.

Rowe AH. "Chronic ulcerative colitis allergy in its etiology." Ann Intern Med. 1942;17:83-100.

Pollard HM, Stuart GJ. "Experimental reproduction of gastric allergy in human beings with controlled observations on the mucosa." J Aller. 1942;13:467-473.


Fiber

Leo S, et al. "Ulcerative colitis in remission" is it possible to predict the risk of relapse?" Dig. 1989;44(4):217-21.

Spiller GA, Freeman HJ. "Recent advances in dietary fiber and colorectal diseases" Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(6):1145-52.

Thornton JR, et al. "Diet and ulcerative colitis." BMJ. February2,1980;1:293-294.


Elemental Diet

Teahon, et al. "10 years experience with an elemental diet in the management of Crohn's disease." Gut. 1990:1133-37.

Grimes DS. "Refined carbohydrate, smooth-muscle spasm and disease of the colon." Lancet. February21,1976:395-397.


Cow's Milk

Kochhar R, et al. "Lactose intolerance in idiopathic ulcerative colitis in north Indians." Indian J Med Res. April. 1993;98(B):79-82.

Glassman MS, et al. "Cow's milk protein sensitivity during infancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease." Am J Gastroenterol. July 1990;85(7):838-840.

Meryn S. "Role of nutrition in acute and long-term therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Wien Klin Wochenschr. November21,1986;98(22):774-779.

Jewell DP, Truelove SC. "Circulating antibodies to cow's milk proteins in ulcerative colitis." Gut. 1972;13:796-801.

Andresen AFR. "Ulcerative colitis: an allergic phenomenon." Am J Dig Dis. March,1942;9(3):91-98.


Vitamin and Mineral References


Vitamin A

Rosenberg IH, et al. "Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease." Ann Rev Nutr. 1985;5:463-484.

Schoelmerich J, et al. "Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated with activity but not with localization or extent of the disease." Hepato-gastroenterol. 1985;32:34-38.

Page RC, Bercovitz Z. "The absorption of vitamin A in chronic ulcerative colitis." Am J Dig Dis. 1943;10(5):174-177.

Seidmon E, Arnold L. "Influence of vitamin A deficiency upon intestinal permeability for bacteria." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1931-2;29:393.


Vitamin C

Cabre E, Gassull MA. "Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: Impact on disease and therapy." Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001;17:342-349.

Reimund JM, et al. "Antioxidants inhibit the in vitro production of inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis." Eur J Clin Investig. 1998;28:145-150.

Buffinton GD, Doe WF. "Altered ascorbic acid status in the mucosa from inflammatory bowel disease patients." Free Rad Res. 1995;22(2):131-143.

Gerson CD, Fabry EM. "Ascorbic acid deficiency and fistula formation in regional enteritis." Gastroenterol. September 1974;67(3):428-433.


Vitamin E

Reimund JM, et al. "Antioxidants inhibit the in vitro production of inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis." Eur J Clin Investig. 1998;28:145-150.

Bennet JD. "Use of alpha-tocopherylquinone in the treatment of ulcerative colitis." Gut. 1986;27:695-697.


Folate

Cabre E, Gassull MA. "Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: Impact on disease and therapy." Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001;17:342-349.

Elsborg L, et al. "Folate deficiency in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Am J Gastroenterol. October,2000;95(10):2825-2830.

Kim YI. "Folate and carcinogenesis: evidence, mechanisms, and implications." J Nutr Biochem. February,1999;10:66-88.

Rath HC, et al. "Nutritional deficiencies and complications in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Med Klin. January15,1998;93(1):6-10.

Biasco G, et al. "Folic acid supplementation and cell kinetics of rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevention. June,1997;6:469-471.

Lashner BA, et al. "The effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative colitis." Gastroenterol. January. 1997;112(1):29-32.

Lashner BA. "Red blood cell folate is associated with the development of dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis." J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993;119:549-554.

Lashner. "Effect of folate supplementation on the incidence of dysplasia and cancer in chronic UC." Gastroenterol. 1989;97:255-59.

Elsborg L, Larsen L. "Folate deficiency in chronic inflammatory bowel disease." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1979;14:1019.


Zinc

Cabre E, Gassull MA. "Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: Impact on disease and therapy." Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001;17:342-349.

Sturniolo GC, et al. "Altered plasma and mucosal concentrations of trace elements and antioxidants in active ulcerative colitis." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:644-649.

Rath HC, et al. "Nutritional deficiencies and complications in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Med Klin. January15,1998;93(1):6-10.

Hocke M, et al. "Oral substitution of zinc in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases." Trace Elem Electrolytes. 1996;13(4):190-195.

Ringstad J, et al. "Serum selenium, copper, and zinc concentrations in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28:605-608.

Ainley CC, et al. "Zinc status in inflammatory bowel disease." Clin Sci. 1988;75:277-283.

Hendricks KM, Walker WA. "Zinc deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease." Nutr Rev. December,1988;46(12):401-408.

Schoelmerich J, et al. "Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated with activity but not with localization or extent of the disease." Hepato-gastroenterol. 1985;32:34-38.

Nishi Y, et al. "Zinc status and its relation to growth retardation in children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease." Am J Clin Nutr. December 1980;33:2613-2621.


Magnesium

Cabre E, Gassull MA. "Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: Impact on disease and therapy." Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001;17:342-349.

Galland L. "Magnesium and inflammatory bowel disease." Magnesium. 1988;7:78-83.

Rosenberg IH, et al. "Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease." Ann Rev Nutr. 1985;5:463-484.


Supplement References


Quercetin

Ferrandiz MR, Alcaraz MJ. "Anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism by flavonoids." Agents Action. 1991;32:283-7.

Stefanini, et al. "Efficacy of oral disodium cromoglycate in patients with IBS and positive skin tests to foods." Lancet. 1986;1:207-8.


Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Shimizu T, et al. "Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on erythrocyte fatty acid composition and leukocyte and colonic mucosa leukotriene B4 production in children with ulcerative colitis." JPGN. November,2003;37(5):581-585.

Cashman KD, Shanahan F. "Is nutrition an aetiological factor for inflammatory bowel disease?" Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(6):606-613.

Arslan G, et al. "Effects of duodenal seal oil administration in patients with inflammatory bowel disease." Lipids. October,2002;37(10):935-940.

Simopoulos AP. "Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases." J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(6):495-505.

Simopoulos AP. "Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(Suppl.):560S-569S.

Cook SI, Sellin JH. "Review article: short chain fatty acids in health and disease." Aliment Pharmacol Ther. June,1998;12(6):499-507.

Matushevskaia VN, et al. "Optimization of dietary fat composition in erosive and ulcerative diseases of the gastroduodenal area." Vopr Pitan. 1996;6:35-37.

Loeschke K, et al. "Omega-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission." Digestive Dis Sci. October,1996;41(10):2087-2094.

Lorenz R and Loeschke K. "Placebo-controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids in chronic inflammatory bowel disease." World Rev Nutr and Diet. 1994;76:143-45.

Esteve-Comas M, et al. "Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern in active inflammatory bowel disease." Gut. 1992;33:1365-1369.

Stenson WF, et al. "Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis." Ann Int Med. 1992;116:609-614.

Hawthorne AB, et al. "Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial." Gut. 1992;33:922-928.


Hydrochloric Acid, Digestive Enzymes

Marz, RB. Medical Nutrition from Marz, 2 ed. Omni Publishing; Portland, OR; 1997:381.


Acidophilus/Bifidus, Fructooligosaccharides

Fedorak RN, Madsen KL. "Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders." Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004;20:146-155.

Ishikawa H, et al. "Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis." J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;22(1):56-63.

Hamilton-Miller JMT. "A review of clinical trials of probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease." Infect Dis Rev. 2001;3(2):83-87.

Madsen KL. "The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease." Can J Gastroenterol. December,2001;15(12):817-822.

Kopp-Hoolihan L. "Prophylactic and therapeutic uses of probiotics: a review." J Am Diet Assoc. February,2001;101(2):229-238. 241.

Schiffrin EJ, Blum S. "Food processing: probiotic microorganisms for beneficial foods." Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2001;12:499-502.

Mack DR, et al. "Probiotics for ulcerative colitis therapy." Lancet. 1999;354:635-639/Am J Physiol. 1999;276:G941-G950.

Baker B. "Probiotics may be useful in treating inflammatory bowel." Fam Prac News. October15,1999:8.

Walker WA, Duffy LC. "Diet and bacterial colonization: role of probiotics and prebiotics." J Nutr Biochem. December,1998;9(12):668-675.

Goldin BR. "Health benefits of probiotics." Br J Nutr. 1998;80(Suppl.2):S203-S207.

Hartley MG, et al. "The rectal mucosa-associated microflora in patients with ulcerative colitis." J Med Microbiol. 1992;36:96-103.

Giaffer MH, et al. "The assessment of faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease by a simplified bacteriological technique." J Med Microbiol. 1991;35:238-243.

Bennet and Brinkman. "Treatment of UC by implantation of normal colonic flora." Lancet. 1989;Jan21.

Keighley MRB, et al. "Influence of inflammatory bowel disease on intestinal microflora." Gut. 1978;19:1099-1104.

Rettger LF, et al. Lactobacillus Acidophilus. Its Therapeutic Application. New Haven, Yale U Press; 1935.


Fiber

Spiller GA, Freeman HJ. "Recent advances in dietary fiber and colorectal diseases." Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(6):1145-52.

Salyers AA, et al. "Influence of dietary fiber on the intestinal environment." Pro Soc Exp Biol Med. 1985;180:415-21.


Botanical References


Althea

Lawrence Review of Natural Products: Althea officinalis. December,1991.

Delaveau I, et al. Planta Medica. 1980;40:49.


Geranium

Ellingwood F. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy, Vol II. Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1993:347-8.


Echinacea

Balch JF, et al. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 2nd ed. Avery Publication; NY, NY; 1997:148.

Lawrence Review of Natural Products: Echinacea. January,1990.

Stimpel, et al. "Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea." Inf Immun. December,1984;845-849.


Ulmus

Mabey R, Ed. The New Age Herbalist. Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Co, NY, NT;1988:117.


Curcuma longa

Hanai H, et al. "Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Nov10,2006.

Ammon and Wahl. "Pharmacology of Curcuma longa." Planta Medica. 1991;57:1-7.

Rafatullah S, et al. "Evaluation of tumeric (Curcuma longa) for gastric and duodenal antiulcer activity in rats", J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;29:25-34.

Satoskar, et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of Curcumin in patients with postoperative inflammation." Intr J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986;12:65,1-2.

Chadra and Gupta. "Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of volatile oil of Curcuma longa." Ind J Med Res. 1972;60:138-142.


Hydrastis

Felter HW. The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol.I. Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR;1993:417-21.


Glycyrrhiza

Golan R. Optimal Wellness. Ballantine Books; NY, NY; 1995:356.


Homeopathy References


Morrison R.Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms.Hahnemann Clinic Publishing; Albany, CA; 1993.

Murphy R.Homeopathic Medical Repertory.Hahnemann Academy of North America; Pagosa Springs, CO; 1993.

Phatak SR. A Concise Repertory of Homoeopathic Medicines. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; New Delhi, India; 1992.

Kruzel T. The Homeopathic Emergency Guide.North Atlantic Books; Berkeley, CA; 1992.

Kent JT. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.B. Jain Publishers (P) LTD; New Delhi, India; 1991.

Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory, 9th Ed..Boericke & Tafel, Inc.; Santa Rosa, CA; 1927.


Other Treatment References


Aspirin and NSAIDs

Jancin B. "IBD relapse linked to aspirin, NSAID use." Fam Prac News. July15,2002:15.

Copyright 1998 - 2008 by L. Vicky Crouse, ND and James S. Reiley, ND. All rights reserved (ISSN 1527-0661).